It explained by
Betty Schrampfer Azar in her book which tittled UNDERSTANDING AND USING ENGLISH
GRAMMAR SECOND EDITION. And this resume that I make is use that book as my
source book.
AUXILIARIES
|
USES
|
PRESENT / FUTURE
|
PAST
|
May
|
Polite request
|
May I leave this class?
|
|
Formal permission
|
You may leave this class.
|
||
Less than 50% certainly
|
She may be at the canteen.
|
He may have been at the canteen.
|
|
Might
|
Less than 50% certainly
|
She might be at the canteen.
|
He might have been at the canteen.
|
Polite request (rare)
|
Might I leave this class?
|
||
Should
|
Advisability
|
I should buy this one.
|
|
90% certainty
|
She should go to campus now. (future
only)
|
She should have gone to campus.
|
|
Ought
to
|
Advisability
|
I ought to buy this one.
|
|
90% certainty
|
She ought to go to campus now.
|
She ought to have gone to campus.
|
|
Had
better
|
Advisability with threat
of bad result
|
You had better be on time, or we will
leave without you.
|
|
Be
supposed to
|
Expectation
|
Cinema is supposed to open at 9.
|
Cinema was supposed to open at 9.
|
Be to
|
Strong expectation
|
She is to be here at 9.
|
She was to be here at 9.
|
Must
|
Strong necessary
|
I must go office today.
|
I had to go to office yesterday.
|
Prohibition (negative)
|
I must not turn off the lamp.
|
||
95% certainty
|
She must be sick. (present only)
|
She must have been sick yesterday.
|
|
Have to
|
Necessary
|
I have to go to office.
|
I had to go to office.
|
Lack of necessary
(negative)
|
I don’t have to go to office.
|
I didn’t have to go to office.
|
|
Have
got to
|
Necessary (informal)
|
I have got to go to office.
|
I had to go to office yesterday.
|
Will
|
100% certainty
|
She will be at
office by ten. (future only)
|
|
Willingness
|
(phone ringing) I’ll get it.
|
||
Polite request
|
Will you please buy that
book?
|
||
Be
going to
|
100% certainty
|
She is going to be here at 9. (future
only)
|
|
Definite plan
|
I am going to eat. (future only)
|
I was going to eat, but I didn’t have
any food in my kitchen.
|
|
Can
|
Ability/possibility
|
I can drive motorcycle.
|
|
Informal permission
|
You can use my phone.
|
||
Informal polite request
|
Can I ask you something?
|
||
Impossibility (negative
only)
|
She can’t be here at 6.
|
She can’t have been here at 6 last night.
|
|
Could
|
Past ability
|
I could climb the tree when I
was child.
|
|
Polite request
|
Could I buy your book?
|
||
Suggestion
|
You could ask to your teacher.
|
||
99% certainty
|
She couldn’t swim. (present negative
only)
|
||
Less than 50% certainty
|
She could be sick.
|
She could have been sick.
|
|
Impossibility
|
I couldn’t be you.
|
I couldn’t have been you.
|
|
Be able
to
|
Ability
|
I am able to do it. I will able to do
it.
|
I was able to do it.
|
Would
|
Polite request
|
Would you mind if I turned off the
lamp?
|
|
Preference
|
I would rather go to my bed than go
outside.
|
I would rather have gone to my bed.
|
|
Repeated action in the
past
|
When I was child, I would visit the zoo every
month.
|
||
Used to
|
Repeated action in the
past
|
I used to climb that tree.
|
|
Shall
|
Polite request to make a
suggestion
|
Shall I read your book?
|
|
Future with ‘I’ or ‘we’
as subject
|
I shall leave at ten. (Will =
more common)
|
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