Sunday, February 17, 2013

Resume Modals Auxiliaries



It explained by Betty Schrampfer Azar in her book which tittled UNDERSTANDING AND USING ENGLISH GRAMMAR SECOND EDITION. And this resume that I make is use that book as my source book.


AUXILIARIES
USES
PRESENT / FUTURE
PAST
May
Polite request
May I leave this class?

Formal permission
You may leave this class.

Less than 50% certainly
She may be at the canteen.
He may have been at the canteen.
Might
Less than 50% certainly
She might be at the canteen.
He might have been at the canteen.
Polite request (rare)
Might I leave this class?

Should
Advisability
I should buy this one.

90% certainty
She should go to campus now. (future only)
She should have gone to campus.
Ought to
Advisability
I ought to buy this one.

90% certainty
She ought to go to campus now.
She ought to have gone to campus.
Had better
Advisability with threat of bad result
You had better be on time, or we will leave without you.

Be supposed to
Expectation
Cinema is supposed to open at 9.
Cinema was supposed to open at 9.
Be to
Strong expectation
She is to be here at 9.
She was to be here at 9.
Must
Strong necessary
I must go office today.
I had to go to office yesterday.
Prohibition (negative)
I must not turn off the lamp.

95% certainty
She must be sick. (present only)
She must have been sick yesterday.
Have to
Necessary
I have to go to office.
I had to go to office.
Lack of necessary (negative)
I don’t have to go to office.
I didn’t have to go to office.
Have got to
Necessary (informal)
I have got to go to office.
I had to go to office yesterday.
Will
100% certainty
She will be at office by ten. (future only)

Willingness
(phone ringing) I’ll get it.

Polite request
Will you please buy that book?

Be going  to
100% certainty
She is going to be here at 9. (future only)

Definite plan
I am going to eat. (future only)
I was going to eat, but I didn’t have any food in my kitchen.
Can
Ability/possibility
I can drive motorcycle.

Informal permission
You can use my phone.

Informal polite request
Can I ask you something?

Impossibility (negative only)
She can’t be here at 6.
She can’t have been here at 6 last night.
Could
Past ability

I could climb the tree when I was child.
Polite request
Could I buy your book?

Suggestion
You could ask to your teacher.

99% certainty
She couldn’t swim. (present negative only)

Less than 50% certainty
She could be sick.
She could have been sick.
Impossibility
I couldn’t be you.
I couldn’t have been you.
Be able to
Ability
I am able to do it. I will able to do it.
I was able to do it.
Would
Polite request
Would you mind if I turned off the lamp?

Preference
I would rather go to my bed than go outside.
I would rather have gone to my bed.
Repeated action in the past

When I was child, I would visit the zoo every month.
Used to
Repeated action in the past

I used to climb that tree.
Shall
Polite request to make a suggestion
Shall I read your book?

Future with ‘I’ or ‘we’ as subject
I shall leave at ten. (Will = more common)


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